It is argued that while extant studies of the work-family interface are suitable with, and typically deliberately reflect, a life course perspective, these bodies of research would profit from extra fully incorporating the life course ideas of "agency" and "time and place". In each life domain (work and family), people transition via biographical states at a varying tempo. For example, job loss might have no repercussions for family life as a result of a continuing relationship with a high-earning partner. Similarly, family events may be unrelated to parallel work careers, for instance, when an worker has a 3rd child, takes no parental leave, and work hours and salary remain unchanged. The first example will extra typically apply to women who are second earners and the second to males who are the main breadwinners.
Family Dynamics and Child Outcomes: An Overview of Research and Open Questions
As for particular person attributes, financial theories are often cited to elucidate divergent patterns of intragenerational mobility, such as the human capital model (Mincer, 1957; Becker, 1964) and theories of discrimination (Becker, 1957; Cain, 1986). Focusing on the supply-side of the labor market, human capital theory argues that individuals spend cash on themselves via training, experience, or numerous forms of training to increase their productive capacities, fostering occupational and wage attainments in the long run (Goldthorpe, 2014). To a certain extent, the economists' assumption of people as rational actors who make knowledgeable choices about their human capital investment resonates with life course scholars' emphasis on agentic energy. However, external components like discrimination against racial minorities and girls in education and the labor market prevent the full exercise of human company, diminishing the return to human capital. Arguments stressing the demand-side of the labor market emphasize the position of structural forces in career mobility, stemming from firms/organizations, occupations, industries, and macro-societal financial contexts.
Methods:
Using a marital stability score constructed from an in depth marital history to seize the household trajectory, the authors then present that ladies in upwardly cellular career paths usually have a tendency to experience marital instability, however males are most likely to reap the advantages of both career mobility and stable marriage. Using a qualitative case example for instance the negotiation of work and household inside couples, one husband acknowledged that his wife "sacrificed her profession in favor of [their] with the ability to live here" (p. 107). Longitudinal surveys that gather long-term individual work history information enable development of individual trajectories alongside the continuous measures of work indicators. Some well-examined continuous measures of labor embrace wage or earnings from paid employment and occupational prestige scores.
Fatherhood premiums are smaller than motherhood penalties, and even smaller for Black males than White men (Glauber 2008, 2018). Parenthood wage gaps are additionally concentrated in shorter intervals of the life course for Black than for White men and women (Van Winkle and Fasang 2020). Black men and women’s labor market disadvantages, together with larger wage compression and flatter wage growth, depart less scope for o'que é Constelaçăo familiar wage differences between dad and O'que é ConstelaçăO Familiar mom and childless individuals to emerge (Anderson, Binder, and Krause 2003; Glauber 2007; Van Winkle and Fasang 2020; Willson 2003). Correspondingly, motherhood most deters White ladies from working full time, however it solely moderately and briefly impacts Black women’s employment (Florian 2018a, 2018b; see additionally Killewald and Zhuo 2019).
2. Life course trajectories of intragenerational career mobility
Even although growth-curve fashions allow evaluation of how results develop, they are not immune to confounding from unmeasured variables that can have an effect on each the preliminary level of well-being and its improvement over time (McLanahan et al. 2013). To address this, Kim (2011) mixed matching methods with GCM and found that cognitive abilities and non-cognitive traits developed negatively already by way of the separation period and the results have been amplified by the separation occasion. Before discussing strategies that regulate for unmeasured confounding components, we briefly focus on estimation of parental separation effects with linear and logistic (or similar) regression models, that are by far the most common strategies used. With these methods, one compares the outcomes of youngsters who experienced parental separation to the outcomes of youngsters from intact families, adjusting for observed confounding variables. Because the chances for controlling for all elements that may bias the outcomes are limited, the estimates from regression fashions can't usually be interpreted as causal results (e.g., McLanahan et al. 2013; Ribar 2004).